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Historical and Contemporary Aspects

Sexism existed throughout all periods of the history of human development. The matter of sexism is extremely acute, as traditions, beliefs and stereotyped attitudes often propagate it among the public. For centuries, the most noticeable form of sexism was a hostile one, which implied the cruel treatment of women. In particular, it was observable when the females tried to fight for their rights. It was difficult for women to take their positions in the areas that society considered purely male (Willie, Rieker, Kramer, & Brown, 2016). Hence, the women who competed with men to get a good job were often confronted with sexism, namely the vicious attitude on the part of men.

Nevertheless, many people struggled with this kind of discrimination. Their striving was influenced mostly by the women’s movement for equality. The first wave began due to the US anti-slavery movement in the 19th century. Afterwards, females fought against sexism in social and political spheres. In 1920, the Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution was ratified in the US that gave women the right to vote (Tutchell & Edmonds, 2018). Therefore, these movements have become the impetus for reducing sexism in the society.

However, sexism continues to be a shameful phenomenon of the contemporary world. A lot of women around the globe have significantly lower wages than men who do the same job. Modern researchers claim that this tendency does not depend on the individual level of women as scholars have argued earlier. Moreover, recent studies have shown that the systematic oppression of females leads to inequality, economic downturn, and the rise of sexism in the society (Willie et al., 2016). Women are often affected by sexism in the process of seeking employment. Thus, sexism in the workplace still impacts the lives of females and their right to equality in remuneration and job opportunities.

Additionally, benevolent sexism has a negative effect on the rights and responsibilities of women and their position in the society. The public belief that a female should be gentle, sensitive, and fulfill household chores is also one of the forms of sexism. Modern studies have revealed that benevolent sexism devaluates women’s aptitude for personal development and career growth, as it presupposes hostile attitudes. The followers of benevolent sexism promote the idea that a man is more competent and has the right to treat a woman leniently. Men’s actions are perceived as an expression of support. Females are given the role of housewives and nannies who often have to survive on the insignificant incomes of their husbands. Moreover, women in the underdeveloped countries have insufficient opportunities to reach career heights, develop intellectually, and choose their own ways of personal growth (Yi, 2015). The paradox lies in the fact that they have to struggle with hostile sexism in their search for a job. Thus, benevolent sexism leads to the reduction of rights and opportunities of women in various domains.

It is also essential to highlight that the communities in many nations justify hostile sexism against women committed in the intimate sphere. The public opinion emphasizes that a woman becomes a victim of sexual harassment if her behavior contributes to such a situation; in this regard, rape is justified. The same also applies to domestic violence (Willie et al., 2016). Moreover, many females brought up in the traditions of benevolent sexism independently substantiate the cruelty of their husbands. Thus, sexism leads to sexual humiliation and injustice.

Public Policy

Numerous women and governments struggle with the manifestations of sexism, as this kind of discrimination has a negative impact on the economic, social, and political development of countries. The Votes for Women campaign and the Women’s Liberation Movement launched in the UK were the most successful campaigns for equality. Later the Act that permitted females to vote in parliamentary elections was adopted on February 6, 1918 in the UK. The Women’s Liberation Movement held in Britain resulted in the Equal Pay Act and the Sex Discrimination Act. The latter transformed the way women were treated in the society throughout the world, especially in the UK and the US (Tutchell & Edmonds, 2018). Thus, the movements against sexism has greatly changed the public policies in several states around the globe.

Sexism not only manifests itself on the personal level or in interpersonal relationships but it is the part of various cultures all over the world. The underlying reason is the fact that men have more opportunities to gain political power, high social status, and better material resources than women. In many states, females do not enjoy equality in employment, property rights, and education (Bock et al., 2017). Sexism emerges at the national level even in developed countries where equality is legally approved.

The institutional sexism is especially noticeable when there is the use of specific forms of regulation or structuring of social institutions. This type of sexism has its expressions in politics, health, education, and religion. Despite the adopted laws, women are less represented in politics and are more rarely elected to the post of a political leader. Modern studies show that females are more likely to live in poverty than men because of their life situations, which females do not have an opportunity to change (Willie et al., 2016). Therefore, gender stereotypes still make it difficult for women to get proper education, adequate healthcare, and equality in the political domain.

Notwithstanding, it is worth noting that sexism also affects the lives of men. The patriarchate that is prevalent in most countries has established the rigid norms of behavior for men, namely due to the normative and idealized conception of masculinity. The depreciation of a woman’s position is directly related to the increased demands on male behaviors. When a man cannot conform to these stereotypes and attitudes, he is subject to sanctions in the form of ridicule and reproach (Bock et al., 2017). Hence, it is possible to argue that men are also influenced by the drawbacks of sexism.

Considering medical ethics, Maya Dusenbery (2018), the author of the book Doing Harm: The Truth About How Bad Medicine and Lazy Science Leave Women Dismissed, Misdiagnosed, and Sick states that sexism is particularly noticeable in healthcare. She stresses that medical ethics guarantees that patients have the right to equal care regardless of their sex or sexual orientation. Furthermore, Jenara Nerenberg (2018) claims that women have always been provided with less effective diagnosis and treatment than men. However, numerous problems associated with female health have not been sufficiently researched yet and are often explained by the emotionality of women (Nerenberg, 2018). Consequently, females still do not have equal rights with men in the healthcare sphere.

Conclusion

In conclusion, sexism may assume various forms, including hostile and benevolent ones. Nonetheless, sexism is mostly about women; this kind of discrimination is enshrined in traditions and outlook of citizens in different countries. The issue of sexism had its vivid manifestations during all periods in history, and it is still strongly evident in the contemporary conditions. Thus, sexism adversely affects the lives of both women and men, as it limits their rights and freedoms. Besides, sexism is contrary to the equality of citizens in terms of law and society. The equality in rights and the adopted legislative acts have facilitated the decline in sexism around the globe. However, this problem still has many negative consequences at the personal and national levels.

Organization is a complex part of the external environment on which depends the very existence of the organization itself. Components of this environment include customers, suppliers, local communities, the media, etc. This social environment can strongly influence the achievement of their goals now, so organizations have to balance the purely economic objectives with the economic and social interests of the constituents of the medium. Consequently, social responsibility is organizing actions undertaken for the benefit of society voluntarily, and not required by law. Organizations should devote part of their resources and efforts on social channels. They have to sacrifice for the benefit and improvement of society. Moreover, companies have a responsibility to act in the areas of environmental protection, health and safety, consumer protection. Acting responsible the organization will be trusted by the society and will be able to receive more profit and opportunities to develop its performance.

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Thus, corporate social responsibility of the company, as a term, can be defined as a voluntary initiative of the owner of the company or the founders of the organization for the development and implementation of certain socially-oriented, non-profit activities that aim to improve the quality of the external environment of the company or organization. Corporate social responsibility can be subject to the achievement of sustainable development and self-responsible companies and organizations that meet their long-term interests contributed to social peace, security and well-being of citizens, environment protection, and respect for human rights.

Taking social responsibility allows organizations to strengthen ties with the various elements of the environment: it means to directly or indirectly affect the public institutions in a timely manner to adjust to changes in public opinion, etc. It also does not allow the organization to realize the full economic principles focus on earnings and savings of resources; requires the organization and the ability to choose the best to solve the social problems the solution of which is well-reflected in the organization’s image and relationships. Social responsibility demands the organization of a permanent, the most complete and the most spectacular public awareness about its social activities (Hopkins et al, 2009).

However, despite the increasing spread of the principles of corporate social responsibility and awareness of the benefits that they provide both businesses and society, the limits of social responsibility are very blurred. Depending on the purpose of the study, each author interprets corporate social responsibility in its own way. Someone limits the social responsibility of business to the producing of high-quality, safe products for consumers; someone places an emphasis on additional social protection of the workers. Other authors reduce it to the manifestations of charity, support, education, science, culture and spirituality, an active environmental policy. The display of responsibility also shows if a business manifests itself as a reliable business partner who observes the laws and supporting justice, etc. Therefore, social responsibility cannot be determined unambiguously. It is a broad and multifaceted concept. Generally, it can be defined as a socially responsible business entrepreneurship, which uses only the methods of making profits that are not harmful to people, nature, society, and in some cases, should assume some of the functions of the state in the field of social security, health care, culture, sports development, environmental protection and so on.

The company’s management is placed to control the moral “health” of organization, using techniques such as personal example, a code of ethics and different ethical framework. First of all, it should be based on the personal example which helps to build sustainable and socially responsible organization. Director and senior managers of the company should openly and confidently maintain standards of ethical conduct, initiate upgrade of the ethical values ​​of the organization (Posner, 2009). Commitment to ethical values ​​must be declared during the speeches, directives, in-house publications. However, management actions and its leadership performance play a special role. If management brings ethics to sacrifice short-term interests, the company instantly spreads rumors about it. Following the oath of adherence to ethical ideals is useless. Thus, the behavior of the leaders sets the tone for the entire organization. Leadership for a manager in the organization should be inextricably and naturally linked with the responsibility for the decisions and actions, because people trust the leader. Definitely, a push to be a responsible leader, which is interested in sustainability of the company, can only be done by the internal motives: it means the creation of optimal conditions for high productivity and efficiency of staff, as a result of return of the corporate social responsibility initiatives, personnel policy and its transformation into tangible economic indicators (Simms, 2009).

The most important thing in the creation of the effective social responsibility that will be supported by the effective and responsible leadership, and will create sustainability of the company:  it means everyone’s understanding that social responsibility is not only the destiny of a leader, a manager, or a business owner; it touches everyone who lives in the society and interacts with other people. Social responsibility is a manifestation of social maturity and love and without this love and responsibility there is the risk to become a society of the herd. The future makes a call, rather than dictates.

Passive euthanasia is otherwise called “intentionally fatal withholding”. This practice presupposes that the death of an individual results from intentional withholding of available treatment which could objectively prolong an individual’s life for a significant amount of time. The term active euthanasia is used primarily and predominantly in the meaning of a conscious decision and a subsequent effort to end one’s life, so that the medical cause of death is not a disease per se but the action taken. This process is also known as “mercy killing”. Nevertheless, some sources distinguish between as much as three types of active euthanasia, namely mercy killing, suicide and assisted suicide, thus, treating the latter two as subtypes of active euthanasia. Regardless of classification, the basic difference between mercy killing and assisted suicide is in the perpetrator of the action. In mercy killing, a physician kills the patient, whereas in assisted suicide, for example, physician-assisted suicide, an individual kills himself or herself with the help of a health care professional. Thus, a physician may be near to provide the patient a piece of advice or medical equipment, but the physician’s physical intrusion is excluded. Self-killing, be it suicide or assisted suicide, is always voluntary. As for mercy killing, it can be voluntary when an individual openly expresses his or her desire to end his or her life and requests for assistance of the third party. Mercy killing is involuntary if an individual expresses unwillingness to die, but his or her wish is ignored. The definition of voluntary and involuntary euthanasia is valid for passive euthanasia, as well (Stewart et al., 1998; Lee, 2004; Friedman, 2012).

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From the abovementioned facts on euthanasia, it is clear that medical professionals are involved in euthanasia to a greater or lesser extent. In the act of mercy killing, a health care professional plays the role of the one who makes the lethal injection. During the process of physician-assisted suicide, a medical professional plays the role of an assistant, consultant and a witness of how a patient ends his life. In passive euthanasia, a doctor is the one who stops the process of “treatment” by denying the patient medication and care, or never begins one at all. In any of these cases, the health care professional carries the burden of the patient’s death. This burden is always heavy. The caregiver always feels involved. A question arises: “Should medical professionals be involved in euthanasia?”. The answer is just as ambiguous as the euthanasia issue itself. A reasonable assumption is that the answer should be found in the sanctum sanctorum of the medical practice – in the Hippocratic Oath. Interestingly and sadly enough, when one uses a famous search engine to perform the search on the words “Hippocratic” and “Oath”, the second source on the first page – that is, the first credible source after Wikipedia – refers to the website on euthanasia. The text says: “I will give no deadly medicine to any one if asked, nor suggest any such counsel” (The Hippocratic, n.d.). Thus, according to the Oath which all health care professionals take, euthanasia should be denied to any patient.

The second echelon in assessing euthanasia is the American Medical Association. According to opinion 2.21 of the AMA code, “Euthanasia is fundamentally incompatible with the physician’s role as healer” (Opinion, 1996). The argumentation behind this statement is that health care professional’s involvement complicates the issue and causes more harm than good. In other words, AMA echoes the ancient oath. Somehow, accepting the answers found in the Hippocratic Oath and AMA code of medical ethics as the general and undeniable truth does not feel right. Considering the fact that in some cases painless death or accelerated death is better than months or years of pain and suffering, euthanasia does not seem wrong even though it breaks the Oath. Medical professionals have to be involved because they are the last institution of relief on the patients’ way to death. Neither cost nor abstract ethical theories should stand on the physician’s way to easing the patient’s unbearable suffering. Of course, the latter statement is a subjective argument and does not claim the status of the official position of healthcare.

Apart from the ambiguous moral side of euthanasia, there is also the legal side. Overall, euthanasia is illegal around the globe. However, some countries have legalized it. In Canada, only suicide is legal, whereas assisted suicide and voluntary euthanasia are illegal. The Netherlands legalized assisted suicide and active euthanasia in 2002, although the court decisions permitted it since 1984. Just like the Netherlands, Belgium legalized euthanasia in 2002. In Switzerland, physician-assisted suicide and suicide assisted by a non-physician are allowed since 1941, although euthanasia is banned. In the United States, only three states – Oregon, Washington and Montana – have legalized passive euthanasia (Euthanasia illegal, 2011).

Several prominent cases show how the legal and ethical sides collide. Karen Ann Quinlan was a twenty-five-year-old woman who took a combination of alcohol and drugs which resulted in an irreversible coma and, consequently, a persistent vegetative state. When Karen was disconnected from life support (but not from the feeding) according to the Court’s ruling she did not die quickly as expected, but lived ten more years. She died of pneumonia. Quinlan’s case started on open discussion of euthanasia. Nancy Cruzan was a twenty-five-year-old woman, just like Karen, in the same condition after a car accident. According to the woman’s wish she had expressed earlier, she was disconnected of the feeding tube and died peacefully. Terry Schiavo was a year older than Karen and Nancy when she collapsed from cardiac arrest and entered a vegetative state. Terry’s husband and family split in their visions of the woman’s future, and numerous court rulings resulted in the continuous removal and reinserting of the feeding tube. Terry died thirteen days after the feeding tube was removed for the last time. One more name to mention is the name of Jack Kevorkian, pathologist who went against the judicial and medical systems, designed a suicide machine and assisted more than one hundred people in their decision to die (Preston, 2013). Some people consider this man an evil opposite of Frankenstein, others view him as a helping hand that ends suffering. Roughly speaking, one’s attitude toward Kevorkian defines one’s attitude towards euthanasia. The debate goes on.

In O’Connor’s story, grandma’s family stopped at the Tower to eat sandwiches. They met a fat man named Red Sammy, who was the owner. He came up to them and told grandma a story about how he had given free gasoline to two fellows with an old beat-up car the previous week; he told that he did not know why he had done that. The grandma said the reason was he was “a good man” (O’Connor 378). The grandma met Red Sammy for the first time; and she thought he was a “good man” just because he had told her a story. She decided that a person was good on the basis of an interesting story she had listened. That is why she resembles for me my aunt who is a similar type of person. When my father and my mother got married my aunt was really happy. She knew that my father was very rich, so she told everyone, “I could tell he is a “good man” when I first met him, and I am sure he will be a good husband and a good father.” My aunt has never dated with my father, and she was not the one who married him. I think she decided that my father is a “good man” only because she knew that my father was very rich. My aunt wants to get money, so seeing that my father had money she defined him as “a good man”.

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In the story, a grandma wants her family to follow her idea. She tells a lie to her family and she wants to persuade everyone to go to the plantation. After the Tower, they get outside of Toombsboro.  The grandma starts recalling an old plantation, and she tells her family how beautiful it was when she was a young lady and could visit that place. “She knew that Bailey would not be willing to lose any time looking at an old house, but the more she talked about it, the more she wanted to see it” (O’Connor 379); in addition, she lies that there was a secret panel and that makes her grandchildren really excited. Being the only person who wants to go to the plantation, the grandma does not tell the truth in order to persuade everyone to accompany her, thinking that it is good for her to go to the plantation. My aunt always does the same thing as the grandma from the story. It was a similar situation when I was eight years old and my parents were going to buy a new house in the countryside. My parents believed that living in the countryside was beneficial as I could get a better environment; besides, the price for the houses was lower there than that in the city, so my parents could buy a bigger house at the same price as they could get downtown for a little one. In addition, my parents could have a pet in the countryside house.

One night, my aunt came to see us and have dinner with us. My mother told her about the family house plan because she respected my aunt and wanted to share her joy with her. When my aunt got to know the news, she started giving her own opinion and advice.

“Listen to me, Bai (that is my mother’s nickname which my aunt uses at home). You have said you are planning to buy a new house in the countryside, but it is completely crazy.” My aunt looked around and suddenly she said loudly, “I have been living in the countryside for more than forty years, and I know everything about it.” She kept quiet for a second and then she said: “Living in the countryside is a very bad decision, because there are no supermarkets around and transportation is terrible. Besides, if you buy a house downtown, I can come to you and go to the supermarket every day.” My aunt told a lot about how bad it is to live in the countryside, but I know that she was just tired of living in the countryside, so she tried to persuade my parents to buy an apartment downtown. She knew that their house downtown will be good for her, not for them.

It the end, my parents bought a house in a busy downtown.

The behavior and attitude of my aunt and the grandma from the story affect two families. Because of my aunt, my parents bought a house downtown. The grandma from the story was so selfish that she caused the death of the whole family. At the beginning of the story, her family wanted to go to Tennessee instead of Florida and they changed their minds because of her. Besides, she recognized “The Misfit” and that got her whole family into trouble.

When my aunt got to know that my parents had bought a house downtown, she very happy. Then, my aunt told all the members of my family and her friends that Bai (my mother) had a good husband, he was “a good man”. My aunt called my father “a good man” because he had bought a house downtown as she wanted.

The grandma in the story and my aunt use a definition of “a good man” in different situations. My aunt defined my farther as “a good man” because my father was very rich and he had bought a house where she had wanted him to. On the other hand, the grandma in the story defines a person as “a good man” if that person tells an interesting story to her. The definitions of “a good man” of my aunt and the grandma in the story are different; however, they have something in common; “a good man” should give them what they want. A good man is hard to find because no one wants to be somebody’s puppet.

There are circumstances under which justice has been curtailed to a very large extent. People may ask what the essence of upholding justice is. Others may ask: Is it necessary to uphold justice? These questions may be approached in different perspectives according to the people involved. There are those people who think that upholding justice is not mandatory and they may sometimes urge that every person should care for their own rights. In this view, justice is one of the most fundamental elements behind every successful society. In a society where justice is upheld, everything seems to be running smoothly, unlike in a society where every man cares for their own needs. Lack of justice causes antagonism among people.

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Every person wants to be treated right so that there is justice in the society. Justice also leads to cooperation in the society, and in turn leads to development in the society. Matters of justice may seem to be so simple but they are in fact the central part to the functioning of the society.

Some people believe that, those people who violate the rights of others should be fined or go to prison, while others think that those people who violate the rights of others should be the ones to be protected from the heavy punishment of the judicial system. When the principles of justice are ineffective, the confidence as well as the organization of the society may be undermined. Justice is usually manifesting itself through the society set up. It involves the laws that are set down by the law makers and later passed on to the rulers to exercise these laws.  Laws are often created by rulers without necessarily getting the consent of those being ruled; this is where the principle of justice and fairness come in. The best way to practice justice is believed to be through the courts system. Courts are not very easy to manipulate. When a crime is committed under the law, the person who has committed the offence is tried by the jury. The jury does not have an interest in the case meaning that the jury is fair in his proceedings.

Both the claimant and the defendant present their reasons on why the ruling should be given. After they present their case, it is now the work of the jury to determine the reality of the events that took place and to determine what which law applies and why. In case the evidence given by either is the truth, the judge will rule accordingly. This is however the theory part of it.

In practice however, the court system is always corrupt. The bias may be automatic, presumed or some other cases non-automatic but in all cases, judges should be free from bias. Where they rule according to the race or skin color good example, is the case of Mumia Abu-Jamal where he was sentenced and convicted because of his skin color. This is unfair because the people are supposed to be ensured that justice prevails in all circumstances and no one is discriminated on whatever bases it be religion, race, color or ethnicity. According to the rule of natural justice, a judge should not have an interest in a particular case, and in a situation where they have, they should not sit on the bench for hearing that case. The bias may be because the judge knows one of the accused persons has an interest in the matter or is benefiting from the matter.

Another example of where justice does not prevail is a situation where policemen beat people. This in its wider sense is assault and the police need to be prosecuted should justice prevail. A good example is where policemen who beat King Rodney were found not guilty. This is unfair and against the principle of justice and fairness.

In order for people to ensure that justice takes place, they must take their actions before lawmakers instead of taking actions on their own hands. This is because they cannot claim justice before the law yet they took their own actions on their hands. There is a famous maxim that says those who seek equity must have “clean hands” meaning that those who take law into their own hands cannot equity under the law. Another solution is that people who think that justice has not prevailed should inform their government representatives on what is to be changed. However, this might not be easy but the can employ other ways like using the civil society. Every citizen has a duty of informing politicians, which law is unjust and the government should be willing to adjust it. In addition, the legal systems must have somebody to answer to. This ensures that the government is put in check and the society is protected. Justice is the most important part of the government system. It protects people’s rights can be trivial to free living but those in power can also use pretence to ignore this rights the rights of the citizens from being ignored.